Urban areas of Bangladesh are experiencing heat stress due to climate change. This heatstress poses significant risks to human health in urban areas. The study was conductedin the Satkhira and Bagerhat municipalities to explore the impact of urban heat stresson human health and the comparative scenario of health vulnerability in both areas.The study adopted multidisciplinary methods, including secondary literature review,historical time series analysis of temperature and heat waves, Urban Heat Island (UHI)identification, and health vulnerability assessment. The experimental knowledge andexperience of urban citizens were collected through a household survey, focus groupdiscussions, and key informant interviews. The study reveals that health problems areincreasing with the increasing trend of heat stress and the formation of heat islands.In Bagerhat Municipality, health problems are comparatively low because of the lowernumber of heat island formations. There needs to be integration of heat stress managementinto spatial planning, which may entail limiting new development in the municipal areas.Alleviation of the urban heat-island effect by greening areas, providing shade by usinggreen coverage, and restoration of urban forests and water bodies.

Background: The spread of extreme climate events driven by the trajectory toward a 2.8°C increase has worsened health outcomes, a subject that has gained the attention of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in the past decade. In this commentary, the authors highlight significant aspects of COPs (Conferences of the Parties) and what should be pursued by the health community.

Methods: Based on a critical review of published reports, policy documents, gray literature, and an examination of pivotal events and outcomes from recent COPs, emerging trends in COP negotiations and potential areas for prioritized action in future iterations have been identified.

Results: The initiatives, platforms, health sector measurements, and climate-related academic education and research presented at COP meetings need to place greater emphasis on investment in climate-health projects to encourage further contributions from the health community.

Conclusion: Countries’ contributions and commitments to mitigating the health impacts of climate change can be assessed by evaluating their investments in evidence-based climate actions within health systems and by demonstrating the resulting outcomes at upcoming COP meetings. Furthermore, COP meetings should prioritize fostering intersectoral collaboration to mobilize funding for scientific research and the scaling of applicable and accessible platforms.

Background:
Climate change is accelerating heat stress globally, especially in Iran's arid and semi-arid regions, threatening public and occupational health. Since air temperature alone poorly reflects physiological stress, this study used WBGT and UTCI to examine long-term spatiotemporal trends across ten diverse Iranian cities.

Methods:
Using daily meteorological data from the Global Surface Summary of the Day (GSOD), we calculated WBGT using the Liljegren model and UTCI using the UTCI-Fiala model. Descriptive statistics and linear regression analyses were conducted in Microsoft Excel to assess annual trends in average and maximum WBGT and UTCI values.

Results:
The analysis revealed clear spatial and temporal variations in WBGT and UTCI across Iranian cities from 1992 to 2023. Southern cities such as Bandar Abbas and Ahvaz recorded the highest average WBGT (23.46°C and 19.46°C) and UTCI (28.61°C and 25.84°C), with Ahvaz showing the highest maximum UTCI (51.68°C). Significant upward trends in both average and maximum WBGT and UTCI were observed in most cities (p < 0.001), particularly in Ahvaz (WBGT slope = 0.50, UTCI = 0.75). These findings indicate intensifying chronic and extreme heat stress across diverse climatic zones in Iran.

Conclusion:
This study found rising WBGT and UTCI trends across Iranian cities, indicating growing heat stress risks. Southern cities face extreme conditions, but increases are nationwide, highlighting urgent needs for heat adaptation strategies in public health, labor safety, and urban planning. 

Introduction: Climate change susceptibility is linked to a number of socioeconomic variables or features, such as the economy, infrastructure, health, education, governance, women's status, demographics, and culture. The GDL Data Lab Vulnerability Index (GVI) was created to compare nations and regions along particular socioeconomic characteristics in order to evaluate the state of societies on these dimensions. The GVI is based on an additive formula that condenses the key elements of the seven main socioeconomic vulnerability dimensions into a single number. The aim of this study was to assess Iran's socio-economic vulnerability index using the GVI to climate change from 2000 to 2020 and to project it until 2100 along five socio-economic pathways (SSP1 to SSP5).

 Methods: GVI data for Iran for the period 2000 to 2020, as well as future projections of this index under five different socio-economic development scenarios (SSP1 to SSP5) for the period 2020 to 2100, were extracted from the Global Data Lab (GDL) database and using GraphPad Prism software.

Results: The results of the study showed that the GVI index has declined from 54 to 38 over the past two decades, reflecting progress in education, health and infrastructure. Future projections also suggest that vulnerability will continue to decline, with the SSP5 scenario showing the largest decline from 37.2 to 18.7 and the scenario showing the smallest decline from 40.5 to 36.8, reflecting a wide range of socio-economic outcomes.

Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for policies that support equitable and sustainable growth, particularly those that adhere to the SSP1 model.

Introduction: During the 2017 monsoon, severe flooding in the northwest state of Gujarat, India, led to the loss of over 200 lives and the displacement of approximately 80,000 people. The health impacts of floods are well-documented, with Gujarat experiencing significant public health challenges during this disaster.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by CHD Group by administering a survey to individuals over the age of 18 attending five rural multi-specialty health camps in the Banaskantha district of Gujarat, India.

Results: The survey of 163 participants affected by the 2017 Gujarat floods showed diverse demographics, with a near-equal gender distribution. The floods led to 34% reporting sickness, 19% property damage, and 17% losing belongings. Support was provided to 91%, mainly by NGOs and the government, with mixed satisfaction levels. Government officials informed 70% of respondents about flood dangers, and television was the most common information source. Health services emerged as the top priority for 24% of respondents, highlighting a crucial area for future disaster preparedness and response efforts.

Conclusions: Post-disaster epidemiology needs more focus with risk-informed planning in Gujarat, which can also be scaled up to other states. Public health campaigns and resilience literacy will need to be factored into disaster management plans to build community resilience and leave no one behind. Local geopolitics, cultural nuances, and available resources ought to be converged into creating better safety nets for vulnerable population groups. 

Introduction: Plastic waste in healthcare settings presents a significant environmental and public health challenge, largely due to the widespread use of single-use items. This audit, conducted in the Acute Medical Unit (AMU) at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, aimed to quantify plastic-containing clinical waste, implement targeted interventions to reduce it, and evaluate their impact through a re-audit.

Methods: Data were collected from store order reports over two periods: October– November 2023 and January–February 2025. Interventions included the introduction of paper medicine pots and restricting plastic cup orders to departmental requests. A patient survey conducted in November 2024 revealed strong support for sustainable alternatives. Stakeholder engagement including sustainability and procurement teams was critical to the initiative’s success.

Results: The initial audit showed that 83.2% of waste items contained plastic, compared to 81% in the second phase, indicating a modest reduction. The patient survey found that 64.3% preferred paper straws, and 71.4% favored reusable mugs.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that small, targeted changes combined with staff and patient engagement can lead to meaningful reductions in plastic waste. Continued investment in sustainable products, education, and regular re-auditing is essential to support long-term environmental goals in healthcare.Keywords: Evaluating, Plastic Waste, Reduction. 

Climate change is a escalating global threat with significant impacts on acute health outcomes and emergency healthcare systems. This paper explores the emerging challenges from climate-driven events such as heatwaves, droughts, and floods in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study highlights how these events lead to increased emergency department visits due to heat-related illnesses, injuries, vector-borne diseases, and malnutrition. Key challenges include limited infrastructure, resource scarcity, and coordination gaps within emergency health services. Recommendations focus on building capacity, improving infrastructure, integrating early warning systems, incorporating climate policy, and engaging communities to enhance climate resilience in emergency care.